Author: Quentin Schulz

Quentin Schulz was an engineer at Bootlin between 2016 and 2018. See https://bootlin.com/company/staff/quentin-schulz/ for details.

Linux 4.19 released, Bootlin contributions

Penguin from Mylène Josserand
Drawing from Mylène Josserand,
based on a picture from Samuel Blanc under CC-BY-SA

With the 4.19 released last week by Greg Kroah-Hartman (and not Linus), it’s time to have a look at our contributions for this release.

As always, LWN.net did an interesting coverage of this release cycle merge window, highlighting the most important changes: the first half of the 4.19 merge window and the rest of the 4.19 merge window. For 4.19 only, Bootlin contributed a total of 295 patches, which puts us at the 10th place in the ranking of most contributing companies according to KPS.

Also according to LWN statistics, Bootlin’s engineer Boris Brezillon is the 16th most active developer in terms of commits for this release with a total of 85.

The main highlights of our contributions are:

Bootlin engineers are not only contributors, but also maintainers of various subsystems in the Linux kernel, which means they are involved in the process of reviewing, discussing and merging patches contributed to those subsystems:

  • Maxime Ripard, as the Allwinner platform co-maintainer, merged 93 patches from other contributors
  • Boris Brezillon, as the MTD/NAND maintainer, merged 38 patches from other contributors
  • Miquèl Raynal, as the NAND co-maintainer, merged 110 patches from other contributors
  • Alexandre Belloni, as the RTC and Microsemi maintainer and Atmel platform co-maintainer, merged 38 patches from other contributors
  • Grégory Clement, as the Marvell EBU co-maintainer, merged 16 patches from other contributors

Here is the commit by commit detail of our contributions to 4.19:

Linux 4.18 released, Bootlin contributions

Penguin from Mylène Josserand
Drawing from Mylène Josserand,
based on a picture from Samuel Blanc under CC-BY-SA

With the 4.18 released last Sunday which needed an rc8 to mature, we take a bit of time to review our latest contributions.

As always, LWN.net did an interesting coverage of this release cycle merge window, highlighting the most important changes: the first half of the 4.18 merge window and the rest of the 4.18 merge window. For 4.18 only, Bootlin contributed a total of 190 patches, which puts us at the 13th place in the ranking of most contributing companies according to KPS.

Also according to LWN statistics, Bootlin’s engineer Alexandre Belloni is the 9th most active developer in terms of changed lines for this release with a total of 6801. We see the first contribution of Paul Kocialkowski, our intern working on Allwinner VPU driver, as a Bootlin team member. Finally, we’re proud to see the Linux kernel’s NAND subsystem welcoming Miquèl Raynal as a co-maintainer.

The main highlights of our contributions are:

Bootlin engineers are not only contributors, but also maintainers of various subsystems in the Linux kernel, which means they are involved in the process of reviewing, discussing and merging patches contributed to those subsystems:

  • Maxime Ripard, as the Allwinner platform co-maintainer, merged 38 patches from other contributors
  • Boris Brezillon, as the MTD/NAND maintainer, merged 76 patches from other contributors
  • Alexandre Belloni, as the RTC and Microsemi maintainer and Atmel platform co-maintainer, merged 32 patches from other contributors
  • Grégory Clement, as the Marvell EBU co-maintainer, merged 17 patches from other contributors

Here is the commit by commit detail of our contributions to 4.18:

Linux 4.17 released, Bootlin contributions

Penguin from Mylène Josserand
Drawing from Mylène Josserand,
based on a picture from Samuel Blanc under CC-BY-SA

4.17 was released last Sunday, so it’s time for our highlight article to see daylight.

As always, LWN.net did an interesting coverage of this release cycle merge window, highlighting the most important changes: the first half of the 4.17 merge window and the rest of the 4.17 merge window. For 4.17 only, Bootlin contributed a total of 331 patches, which puts us at the 10th place in the ranking of most contributing companies according to both LWN and KPS.

Also according to LWN statistics, Bootlin’s engineer Alexandre Belloni is the 6th most active developer in terms of changesets for this release with a total of 124 commits, almost a percent of the total number.

The main highlights of our contributions are:

Bootlin engineers are not only contributors, but also maintainers of various subsystems in the Linux kernel, which means they are involved in the process of reviewing, discussing and merging patches contributed to those subsystems:

  • Maxime Ripard, as the Allwinner platform co-maintainer, merged 97 patches from other contributors
  • Boris Brezillon, as the MTD/NAND maintainer, merged 87 patches from other contributors
  • Alexandre Belloni, as the RTC maintainer and Atmel platform co-maintainer, merged 46 patches from other contributors
  • Grégory Clement, as the Marvell EBU co-maintainer, merged 14 patches from other contributors

Here is the commit by commit detail of our contributions to 4.17:

Linux 4.16 released, Bootlin contributions

Penguin from Mylène Josserand
Drawing from Mylène Josserand,
based on a picture from Samuel Blanc under CC-BY-SA

4.16 out for a week now, it shouldn’t come as a surprise that it’s time for our traditional article summing up our most recent contributions to the latest version of the Linux kernel.

LWN.net did again an interesting coverage of this release cycle merge window, highlighting the most important changes: the first half of the 4.16 merge window and the rest of the 4.16 merge window. For 4.16 only, we have a total of 183 patches merged.

According to LWN statistics, Bootlin stands at the 13th place in the company ranking in terms of number of lines changed and we even have one of our engineers, Miquèl Raynal, appearing in the top 20 contributors with regards to number of lines changed thanks to his complete rework of the Marvell NAND controller driver and his addition of the exec_op() API to the NAND framework.

The main highlights of our contributions are:

  • For Marvell platforms,
    • Antoine Ténart improved the inside-secure crypto accelerator driver to support the EIP97 variant of the hardware block, which is used on the Marvell Armada 3700. This driver was already supporting the EIP197 variant, used on Marvell Armada 7K/8K. This new EIP97 support allows to enable the use of the crypto accelerator on the popular EspressoBin platform, a $49 board based on the Marvell Armada 3700,
    • Antoine Ténart also contributed a number of fixes to the inside-secure crypto accelerator driver,
    • Antoine Ténart also contributed a few fixes to the mvpp2 network driver, used for the Ethernet controller on the Marvell Armada 7K/8K.
    • Gregory Clement contributed DVFS support for Armada 37xx CPUs,
    • Miquèl Raynal added support for thermal sensors in A7K/A8K SoC families,
    • Miquèl Raynal completely rewrote the Marvell NAND controller driver to use the exec_op() API he has contributed,
    • Thomas Petazzoni fixed a few errors in several Marvell DTS files,
  • In the PCI subsystem, Cyrille Pitchen contributed a driver for Cadence’s PCIe endpoint and host controllers,
  • In the MTD subsystem,
    • Both Boris Brezillon and Miquèl Raynal contributed numerous fixes,
    • Miquèl Raynal contributed the exec_op API to simplify how NAND controllers interact with the core with regards to sending NAND operations. For more details about Miquèl’s work, see the video and slides of his talk at the latest ELC,
  • For Microsemi Ocelot platforms:
    • Alexandre Belloni added support for Microsemi Ocelot SoC’s pinctrl. This is the very first piece of the support for the Microsemi VSC7513/7514 MIPS processors, with the rest of the basic platform support expected to appear in 4.17,
  • For Allwinner platforms:
  • Alexandre Belloni fixed a few race conditions in the AC100 RTC driver,
  • Maxime Ripard also contributed a fix for gpiolib failing to defer its probing until a GPIO controller is registered,

Bootlin engineers are not only contributors, but also maintainers of various subsystems in the Linux kernel, which means they are involved in the process of reviewing, discussing and merging patches contributed to those subsystems:

  • Maxime Ripard, as the Allwinner platform co-maintainer, merged 66 patches from other contributors
  • Boris Brezillon, as the MTD/NAND maintainer, merged 73 patches from other contributors
  • Alexandre Belloni, as the RTC maintainer and Atmel platform co-maintainer, merged 23 patches from other contributors
  • Grégory Clement, as the Marvell EBU co-maintainer, merged 16 patches from other contributors

Here is the commit by commit detail of our contributions to 4.16:

Linux 4.15 released, Bootlin contributions

Penguin from Mylène Josserand
Drawing from Mylène Josserand,
based on a picture from Samuel Blanc under CC-BY-SA

After a month of February busier than usual, with the renaming of our company from Free Electrons to Bootlin, our participation to FOSDEM and the welcoming of Maxime Chevallier, the latest addition to our engineering team, our article on the latest release of the Linux kernel arrives a bit late, more than a month after Linux 4.15 has been released by Linus Torvalds.

As usual, LWN.net did an interesting coverage of this release cycle merge window, highlighting the most important changes: The first half of the 4.15 merge window and The rest of the 4.15 merge window. Due to the now well-known Spectre and Meltdown vulnerabilities and the resulting effort to try to mitigate them, 4.15 required a -rc9, which happened the last time back in 2011 with the 3.1, Torvalds said.

According to Linux Kernel Patch statistics, Bootlin (now Bootlin) contributed 150 patches to this release, making it the 16th contributing company by number of commits.

The main highlights of our contributions are:

  • In the RTC subsystem, Alexandre Belloni made a number of improvements to various drivers, mainly making them use the nvmem subsystem where appropriate, and use the recently introduced rtc_register_device() API.
  • In the MTD subsystem, both Boris Brezillon and Miquèl Raynal made a number of contributions, mainly fixes.
  • For Marvell platforms
    • Antoine Ténart contributed a few fixes to the inside-secure crypto accelerator driver, used on Marvell Armada 3700 and Armada 7K/8K
    • Antoine Ténart also contributed fixes and improvements to the mvpp2 network driver, used for the Ethernet controller on the Marvell Armada 7K/8K. His improvements include preparation work to support Receive Side Scaling (RSS).
    • Antoine Ténart enabled more networking ports and features in some Armada 7K/8K boards, especially SFP ports on Armada 7040 DB and Armada 7040 DB.
    • Boris Brezillon contributed a few fixes to the Marvell CESA crypto accelerator driver, used on the older Orion, Kirkwood, Armada 370/XP/38x processors. He migrated the driver to use the skcipher interface of the Linux kernel crypto framework.
    • Grégory Clement enabled NAND support on Armada 7K, and contributed a number of fixes around MMC support for some Marvell boards.
    • Thomas Petazzoni contributed a few minor Device Tree enhancements for Marvell platforms: fixing MPP muxing on an older Kirkwood platform, enabling more PCIe ports on Armada 8040 DB, etc.
    • Miquèl Raynal contributed support for more advanced statistics in the mvpp2 network driver.
    • Miquèl Raynal added support for the extended UART for the Marvell Armada 3720 processor, both in the UART driver and in the Device Tree.
  • For the RaspberryPi platform, Boris Brezillon contributed a few fixes to the vc4 display driver, and added support for the new DRM_IOCTL_VC4_GEM_MADVISE ioctl, which can be used to ask the userspace applications to purge inactive buffers when allocations start to fail in the kernel.
  • For Allwinner platforms
    • Mylène Josserand contributed a fix for the Allwinner A83 clock driver, fixing I2C bus clocks.
    • Quentin Schulz contributed a few fixes to the sun4i-gpadc-iio.c driver, which is used for the ADCs on several Allwinner processors.
    • Maxime Ripard made a number of fixes to the sun8i-codec driver, fixing clock issues, left/right channels inversion, etc.
    • Maxime Ripard made a number of improvements to the sun4i DRM display driver.
    • Maxime Ripard improved the support for the A83 processor (described the UART1 controller, the MMC1 controller, added support for display clocks) and added the Device Tree for a new A83 device.
    • Maxime Ripard also did a number of cleanups and misc improvements in a significant number of Device Tree files for Allwinner platforms.
  • Thomas Petazzoni made a few fixes to the sh_eth network driver, used on several Renesas SuperH platform, as part of a recent project Bootlin did on SuperH 4.

Bootlin engineers are not only contributors, but also maintainers of various subsystems in the Linux kernel, which means they are involved in the process of reviewing, discussing and merging patches contributed to those subsystems:

  • Maxime Ripard, as the Allwinner platform co-maintainer, merged 108 patches from other contributors
  • Boris Brezillon, as the MTD/NAND maintainer, merged 34 patches from other contributors
  • Alexandre Belloni, as the RTC maintainer and Atmel platform co-maintainer, merged 50 patches from other contributors
  • Grégory Clement, as the Marvell EBU co-maintainer, merged 24 patches from other contributors

Here is the commit by commit detail of our contributons to 4.15:

Introducing lavabo, board remote control software

In two previous blog posts, we presented the hardware and software architecture of the automated testing platform we have created to test the Linux kernel on a large number of embedded platforms.

The primary use case for this infrastructure was to participate to the KernelCI.org testing effort, which tests the Linux kernel every day on many hardware platforms.

However, since our embedded boards are now fully controlled by LAVA, we wondered if we could not only use our lab for KernelCI.org, but also provide remote control of our boards to Bootlin engineers so that they can access development boards from anywhere. lavabo was born from this idea and its goal is to allow full remote control of the boards as it is done in LAVA: interface with the serial port, control the power supply and provide files to the board using TFTP.

The advantages of being able to access the boards remotely are obvious: allowing engineers working from home to work on their hardware platforms, avoid moving the boards out of the lab and back into the lab each time an engineer wants to do a test, etc.

User’s perspective

From a user’s point of view, lavabo is used through the eponymous command lavabo, which allows to:

  • List the boards and their status
    $ lavabo list
  • Reserve a board for lavabo usage, so that it is no longer used for CI jobs
    $ lavabo reserve am335x-boneblack_01
  • Upload a kernel image and Device Tree blob so that it can be accessed by the board through TFTP
    $ lavabo upload zImage am335x-boneblack.dtb
  • Connect to the serial port of the board
    $ lavabo serial am335x-boneblack_01
  • Reset the power of the board
    $ lavabo reset am335x-boneblack_01
  • Power off the board
    $ lavabo power-off am335x-boneblack_01
  • Release the board, so that it can once again be used for CI jobs
    $ lavabo release am335x-boneblack_01

Overall architecture and implementation

The following diagram summarizes the overall architecture of lavabo (components in green) and how it connects with existing components of the LAVA architecture.

lavabo reuses LAVA tools and configuration files
lavabo reuses LAVA tools and configuration files

A client-server software

lavabo follows the classical client-server model: the lavabo client is installed on the machines of users, while the lavabo server is hosted on the same machine as LAVA. The server-side of lavabo is responsible for calling the right tools directly on the server machine and making the right calls to LAVA’s API. It controls the boards and interacts with the LAVA instance to reserve and release a board.

On the server machine, a specific Unix user is configured, through its .ssh/authorized_keys to automatically spawn the lavabo server program when someone connects. The lavabo client and server interact directly using their stdin/stdout, by exchanging JSON dictionaries. This interaction model has been inspired from the Attic backup program. Therefore, the lavabo server is not a background process that runs permanently like traditional daemons.

Handling serial connection

Exchanging JSON over SSH works fine to allow the lavabo client to provide instructions to the lavabo server, but it doesn’t work well to provide access to the serial ports of the boards. However, ser2net is already used by LAVA and provides a local telnet port for each serial port. lavabo simply uses SSH port-forwarding to redirect those telnet ports to local ports on the user’s machine.

Different ways to connect to the serial
Different ways to connect to the serial

Interaction with LAVA

To use a board outside of LAVA, we have to interact with LAVA to tell him the board cannot be used anymore. We therefore had to work with LAVA developers to add endpoints for putting online (release) and for putting offline (reserve) boards and an endpoint to get the current status of a board (busy, idle or offline) in LAVA’s API.

These additions to the LAVA API are used by the lavabo server to make reserve and release boards, so that there is no conflict between the CI related jobs (such as the ones submitted by KernelCI.org) and the direct use of boards for remote development.

Interaction with the boards

Now that we know how the client and the server interact and also how the server communicates with LAVA, we need a way to know which boards are in the lab, on which port the serial connection of a board is exposed and what are the commands to control the board’s power supply. All this configuration has already been given to LAVA, so lavabo server simply reads the LAVA configuration files.

The last requirement is to provide files to the board, such as kernel images, Device Tree blobs, etc. Indeed, from a network point of view, the boards are located in a different subnet not routed directly to the users machines. LAVA already has a directory accessible through TFTP from the boards which is one of the mechanisms used to serve files to boards. Therefore, the easiest and most obvious way is to send files from the client to the server and move the files to this directory, which we implemented using SFTP.

User authentication

Since the serial port cannot be shared among several sessions, it is essential to guarantee a board can only be used by one engineer at a time. In order to identify users, we have one SSH key per user in the .ssh/authorized_keys file on the server, each associated to a call to the lavabo-server program with a different username.

This allows us to identify who is reserving/releasing the boards, and make sure that serial port access, or requests to power off or reset the boards are done by the user having reserved the board.

For TFTP, the lavabo upload command automatically uploads files into a per-user sub-directory of the TFTP server. Therefore, when a file called zImage is uploaded, the board will access it over TFTP by downloading user/zImage.

Availability and installation

As you could guess from our love for FOSS, lavabo is released under the GNU GPLv2 license in a GitHub repository. Extensive documentation is available if you’re interested in installing lavabo. Of course, patches are welcome!

Software architecture of Bootlin’s lab

As stated in a previous blog post, we officially launched our lab on 2016, April 25th and it is contributing to KernelCI since then. In a series of blog post, we’d like to present in details how our lab is working.

We previously introduced the lab and its integration in KernelCI, and presented its hardware infrastructure. Now is time to explain how it actually works on the software side.

Continuous integration in Linux kernel

Because of Linux’s well-known ability to run on numerous platforms and the obvious impossibility for developers to test changes on all these platforms, continuous integration has a big role to play in Linux kernel development and maintenance.

More generally, continuous integration is made up of three different steps:

  • building the software which in our case is the Linux kernel,
  • testing the software,
  • reporting the tests results;
KernelCI complete process
KernelCI complete process

KernelCI checks hourly if one of the Git repositories it tracks have been updated. If it’s the case then it builds, from the last commit, the kernel for ARM, ARM64 and x86 platforms in many configurations. Then it stores all these builds in a publicly available storage.

Once the kernel images have been built, KernelCI itself is not in charge of testing it on hardware. Instead, it delegates this work to various labs, maintained by individuals or organizations. In the following section, we will discuss the software architecture needed to create such a lab, and receive testing requests from KernelCI.

Core software component: LAVA

At this moment, LAVA is the only supported software by KernelCI but note that KernelCI offers an API, so if LAVA does not meet your needs, go ahead and make your own!

What is LAVA?

LAVA is a self-hosted software, organized in a server-dispatcher model, for controlling boards, to automate boot, bootloader and user-space testing. The server receives jobs specifying what to test, how and on which boards to run those tests, and transmits those jobs to the dispatcher linked to the specified board. The dispatcher applies all modifications on the kernel image needed to make it boot on the said board and then fully interacts with it through the serial.

Since LAVA has to fully and autonomously control boards, it needs to:

  • interact with the board through serial connection,
  • control the power supply to reset the board in case of a frozen kernel,
  • know the commands needed to boot the kernel from the bootloader,
  • serve files (kernel, DTB, rootfs) to the board.

The first three requirements are fulfilled by LAVA thanks to per-board configuration files. The latter is done by the LAVA dispatcher in charge of the board, which downloads files specified in the job and copies them to a directory accessible by the board through TFTP.

LAVA organizes the lab in devices and device types. All identical devices are from the same device type and share the same device type configuration file. It contains the set of bootloader instructions to boot the kernel (e.g.: how and where to load files) and the bootloader configuration (e.g.: can it boot zImages or only uImages). A device configuration file stores the commands run by a dispatcher to interact with the device: how to connect to serial, how to power it on and off. LAVA interacts with devices via external tools: it has support for conmux or telnet to communicate via serial and power commands can be executed by custom scripts (pdudaemon for example).

Control power supply

Some labs use expensive Switched PDUs to control the power supply of each board but, as discussed in our previous blog post we went for several Devantech ETH008 Ethernet-controlled relay boards instead.

Linaro, the organization behind LAVA, has also developed a software for controlling power supplies of each board, called pdudaemon. We added support for most Devantech relay boards to pdudaemon.

Connect to serial

As advised in LAVA’s installation guide, we went with telnet and ser2net to connect the serial port of our boards. Ser2net basically opens a Linux device and allows to interact with it through a TCP socket on a defined port. A LAVA dispatcher will then launch a telnet client to connect to a board’s serial port. Because of the well-known fact that Linux devices name might change between reboots, we had to use udev rules in order to guarantee the serial we connect to is the one we want to connect to.

Actual testing

Now that LAVA knows how to handle devices, it has to run jobs on those devices. LAVA jobs contain which images to boot (kernel, DTB, rootfs), what kind of tests to run when in user space and where to find them. A job is strongly linked to a device type since it contains the kernel and DTB specifically built for this device type.

Those jobs are submitted to the different labs by the KernelCI project. To do so, KernelCI uses a tool called lava-ci. Amongst other things, this tool contains a big table of the supported platforms, associating the Device Tree name with the corresponding hardware platform name. This way, when a new kernel gets built by KernelCI, and produces a number of Device Tree Blobs (.dtb files), lava-ci knows what are the corresponding hardware platforms to run the kernel on. It submits the jobs to all the labs, which will then only run the tests for which they have the necessary hardware platform. We have contributed a number of patches to lava-ci, adding support for the new platforms we had in our lab.

LAVA overall architecture

Reporting test results

After KernelCI has built the kernel, sent jobs to contributing labs and LAVA has run the jobs, KernelCI will then get the tests results from the labs, aggregate them on its website and notify maintainers of errors via a mailing list.

Challenges encountered

As in any project, we stumbled on some difficulties. The biggest problems we had to take care of were board-specific problems.

Some boards like the Marvell RD-370 need a rising edge on a pin to boot, meaning we cannot avoid pressing the reset button between each boot. To work out this problem, we had to customize the hardware (swap resistors) to bypass this limitation.

Some other boards lose their serial connection. Some lose it when resetting their power but recover it after a few seconds, problem we found acceptable to solve by infinitely reconnecting to the serial. However, we still have a problem with a few boards which randomly close their serial connection without any reason. After that, we are able to connect to the serial connection again but it does not send any character. The only way to get it to work again is to physically re-plug the cable used by the serial connection. Unfortunately, we did not find yet a way to solve this bug.

The Linux kernel of our server refused to bind more than 13 USB devices when it was time to create a second drawer of boards. After some research, we found out the culprit was the xHCI driver. In modern computers, it is possible to disable xHCI support in the BIOS but this option was not present in our server’s BIOS. The solution was to rebuild and install a kernel for the server without the xHCI driver compiled. From that day, the number of USB devices is limited to 127 as in the USB specification.

Conclusion

We have now 35 boards in our lab, with some being the only ones represented in KernelCI. We encourage anyone, hobbyists or companies, to contribute to the effort of bringing continuous integration of the Linux kernel by building your own lab and adding as many boards as you can.

Interested in becoming a lab? Follow the guide!

Hardware infrastructure of Bootlin’slab

As stated in a previous blog post, we officially launched our lab on 2016, April 25th and it is contributing to KernelCI since then. In a series of blog post, we’d like to present in details how our lab is working, starting with this first blog post that details the hardware infrastructure of our lab.

Introduction

In a lab built for continuous integration, everything has to be fully automated from the serial connections to power supplies and network connections.

To gather as much information as we can get to establish the specifications of the lab, our engineers filled a spreadsheet with all boards they wanted to have in the lab and their specificities in terms of connectors used the serial port communication and power supply. We reached around 50 boards to put into our lab. Among those boards, we could distinguish two different types:

  • boards which are powered by an ATX power supply,
  • boards which are powered by different power adapters, providing either 5V or 12V.

Another design criteria was that we wanted to easily allow our engineers to take a board out of the lab or to add one. The easier the process is, the better the lab is.

Home made cabinet

Bootlin' 8 drawers labTo meet the size constraints of Bootlin office, we had to make the lab fit in a 100cm wide, 75cm deep and 200cm high space. In order to achieve this, we decided to build the lab as a large home made cabinet, with a number of drawers to easily access, change or replace the boards hosted in the lab. As some of our boards provide PCIe connectors, we needed to provide enough height for each drawer, and after doing a few measurements, decided that a 25cm height for our drawers would be fine. With a total height of 200cm, this gives a maximum of 8 drawers.

In addition, it turns out that most of our boards powered by ATX power supplies are rather large in size, while the ones powered by regular power adapters are usually much smaller. In order to simplify the overall design, we decided that all large boards would be grouped together on a given set of drawers, and all small boards would be grouped together on another set of drawers: i.e we would not mix large and small boards in the same drawer. With the 100cm x 75cm size limitation, this meant a drawer for small boards could host up to 8 boards, while a drawer for large boards could host up to 4 boards. From the spreadsheet containing all the boards supposed to be in the lab, we eventually decided there would be 3 large drawers for up to 12 large boards and 5 small drawers for up to 40 small or medium-sized boards.

Furthermore, since the lab will host a server and a lot of boards and power supplies, potentially producing a lot of heat, we have to keep the lab as open as it can be while making sure it is strong enough to hold the drawers. We ended up building our own cabinet, made of wood bought from the local hardware store.

We also want the server to be part of the lab. We already have a small piece of wood to strengthen the lab between the fourth and sixth drawers we could use to fix the server. We decided to give a mini-PC (NUC-like) a try, because, after all, it’s only communicating with the serial of each board and serving files to them. Thus, everything related to the server is fixed and wired behind the lab.

Make the lab autonomous

What continuous integration for the Linux kernel typically needs are control of:

  1. the power for each board
  2. serial port connection
  3. a way to send files to test, typically the kernel image and associated files

In Bootlin lab, these different tasks are handled by a dedicated server, itself hosted in the lab.

Serial port control

Serial connections are mostly handled via USB on the server side but there are many different connectors on the target side (in our lab, we have 6 different connectors: DE9, microUSB, miniUSB, 2.54″ male pins, 2.54″ female pins and USB-B). Therefore, our server has to have a physical connection with each of the 50 boards present in the lab. The need for USB hubs is then obvious.

Since we want as few cables connecting the server and the drawers as possible, we decided to have one USB hub per drawer, be it a large drawer or a small drawer. In a small drawer, up to 8 boards can be present, meaning the hub needs at least 8 USB ports. In a large drawer, up to 4 serial connections can be needed so smaller and more common USB hubs can do the work. Since the serial connection may draw some current on the USB port, we wanted all of our USB hubs to be powered with a dedicated power supply.

All USB hubs are then connected to a main USB hub which in turn is connected to our server.

Power supply control

Our server needs to control each board’s power to be able to automatically power on or off a board. It will power on the board when it needs to test a new kernel on it and power it off at the end of the test or when the kernel has frozen or could not boot at all.

In terms of power supplies, we initially investigated using Ethernet-controlled multi-sockets (also called Switched PDU), such as this device. Unfortunately, these devices are quite expensive, and also often don’t provide the most appropriate connector to plug the cheap 5V/12V power adapters used by most boards.

So, instead, and following a suggestion from Kevin Hilman (one of KernelCI’s founder and maintainer), we decided to use regular ATX power supplies. They have the advantage of being inexpensive, and providing enough power for multiple boards and all their peripherals, potentially including hard drives or other power-hungry peripherals. ATX power supplies also have a pin, called PS_ON#, which when tied to the ground, powers up the ATX power supply. This easily allows to turn an ATX power supply on or off.

In conjunction with the ATX power supplies, we have a selected Ethernet-controlled relay board, the Devantech ETH008, which contains 8 relays that can be remote controlled over the network.

This gives us the following architecture:

  • For the drawers with large boards powered by ATX directly, we have one ATX power supply per board. The PS_ON pin from the ATX power supply is cut and rewired to the Ethernet controlled relay. Thanks to the relay, we control if PS_ON is tied to the ground or not. If it’s tied to the ground, then the board boots, when it’s untied from the ground, the board is powered off.
  • For the drawers with small boards, we have a single ATX power supply per drawer. The 12V and 5V rails from the ATX power supply are then dispatched through the 8-relay board, then connected to the appropriate boards, through DC barrel or mini-USB/micro-USB cables, depending on the board. The PS_ON is always tied to the ground, so those ATX power supplies are constantly on.

In addition, we have added a bit of over-voltage protection, by adding transient-voltage-suppression diodes for each voltage output in each drawer. These diodes will absorb all the voltage when it exceeds the maximum authorized value and explode, and are connected in parallel in the circuit to protect.

Network connectivity

As part of the continuous integration process, most of our boards will have to fetch the Linux kernel to test (and potentially other related files) over the network through TFTP. So we need all boards to be connected to the server running the continuous integration software.

Since a single 52 port switch is both fairly expensive, and not very convenient in terms of wiring in our situation, we instead opted for adding 8-port Gigabit switches to each drawer, all of them being connected via a central 16-port Gigabit switch located at the back of the home made cabinet. This central switch not only connects the per-drawer switches, but also the server running the continuous integration software, and the wider Internet.

In-drawer architecture: large boards

A drawer designed for large boards, powered by an ATX power supply contains the following components:

  • Up to four boards
  • Four ATX power-supplies, with their PS_ON# connected to an 8-port relay controller. Only 4 of the 8 ports are used on the relay.
  • One 8-port Ethernet-controlled relay board.
  • One 4-port USB hub, connecting to the serial ports of the four boards.
  • One 8-port Ethernet switch, with 4 ports used to connect to the boards, one port used to connect to the relay board, and one port used for the upstream link.
  • One power strip to power the different components.
Large drawer example scheme
Large drawer example scheme
Large drawer in the lab
Large drawer in the lab

In drawer architecture: small boards

A drawer designed for small boards contains the following components:

  • Up to eight boards
  • One ATX power-supply, with its 5V and 12V rails going through the 8-port relay controller. All ports in the relay are used when 8 boards are present.
  • One 8-port Ethernet-controlled relay board.
  • One 10-port USB hub, connecting to the serial ports of the eight boards.
  • Two 8-port Ethernet switches, connecting the 8 boards, the relay board and an upstream link.
  • One power strip to power the different components.
Small drawer example scheme
Small drawer example scheme
Small drawer in the lab
Small drawer in the lab

Server

At the back of the home made cabinet, a mini PC runs the continuous integration software, that we will discuss in a future blog post. This mini PC is connected to:

  • A main 16-port Gigabit switch, itself connected to all the Gigabit switches in the different drawers
  • A main USB hub, itself connected to all the USB hubs in the different drawers

As expected, this allows the server to control the power of the different boards, access their serial port, and provide network connectivity.

Detailed component list

If you’re interested by the specific components we’ve used for our lab, here is the complete list, with the relevant links:

Conclusion

Hopefully, sharing these details about the hardware architecture of our board farm will help others to create a similar automated testing infrastructure. We are of course welcoming feedback on this hardware architecture!

Stay tuned for our next blog post about the software architecture of our board farm.

Bootlin contributes to KernelCI.org

The Linux kernel is well-known for its ability to run on thousands of different hardware platforms. However, it is obviously impossible for the kernel developers to test their changes on all those platforms to check that no regressions are introduced. To address this problem, the KernelCI.org project was started: it tests the latest versions of the Linux kernel from various branches on a large number of hardware plaforms and provides a centralized interface to browse the results.

KernelCI.org project
KernelCI.org project

From a physical point of view, KernelCI.org relies on labs containing a number of hardware platforms that can be remotely controlled. Those labs are provided by various organizations or individuals. When a commit in one of the Linux kernel Git branches monitored by KernelCI is detected, numerous kernel configurations are built, tests are sent to all labs and results are collected on the KernelCI.org website. This allows kernel developers and maintainers to detect and fix bugs and regressions before they reach users. As of May, 10th 2016, KernelCI stats show a pool of 185 different boards and around 1900 daily boots.

Bootlin is a significant contributor to the Linux kernel, especially in the area of ARM hardware platform support. Several of our engineers are maintainers or co-maintainers of ARM platforms (Grégory Clement for Marvell EBU, Maxime Ripard for Allwinner, Alexandre Belloni for Atmel and Antoine Ténart for Annapurna Labs). Therefore, we have a specific interest in participating to an initiative like KernelCI, to make sure that the platforms that we maintain continue to work well, and a number of the platforms we care about were not tested by the KernelCI project.

Over the last few months, we have been building our boards lab in our offices, and we have joined the KernelCI project since April 25th. Our lab currently consists of 15 boards:

  • Atmel SAMA5D2 Xplained
  • Atmel SAMA5D3 Xplained
  • Atmel AT91SAM9X25EK
  • Atmel AT91SAM9X35EK
  • Atmel AT91SAMA5D36EK
  • Atmel AT91SAM9M10G45EK
  • Atmel AT91SAM9261EK
  • BeagleBone Black
  • Beagleboard-xM
  • Marvell Armada XP based Plathome Openblocks AX3
  • Marvell Armada 38x Solidrun ClearFog,
  • Marvell Armada 38x DB-88F6820-GP
  • Allwinner A13 Nextthing Co. C.H.I.P
  • Allwinner A33 Sinlinx SinA33
  • Freescale i.MX6 Boundary Devices Nitrogen6x

We will very soon be adding 4 more boards:

  • Atmel SAMA5D4 Xplained
  • Atmel SAMA5D34EK
  • Marvell Armada 7K 7040-DB (ARM64)
  • Marvell Armada 39x DB

Bootlin board farm

Three of the boards we have were already tested thanks to other KernelCI labs, but the other sixteen boards were not tested at all. In total, we plan to have about 50 boards in our lab, mainly for the ARM platforms that we maintain in the official Linux kernel. The results of all boots we performed are visible on the KernelCI site. We are proud to be part of this unique effort to perform automated testing and validation of the Linux kernel!

In the coming weeks, we will publish additional articles to present the software and physical architecture of our lab and the program we developed to remotely control boards that are in our lab, so stay tuned!